A Lawyer’s Look Under the Hood

I’ll be the first to admit—I’m not a certified mechanic (yet!). You won’t catch me elbow-deep in grease, but after years of practicing Lemon Law, I’ve read more repair orders and listened to more frustrated car owners than I can count. Along the way, I’ve learned how to translate “mechanic-speak” into plain English.

This guide series is my way of helping consumers understand the **basic parts of their vehicles, the common problems that go wrong, and when those problems cross the line from “annoying” to a potential Lemon Law case.

So, think of this as a lawyer’s guide to cars:

• Not a replacement for your mechanic.

• Not a technical manual.

• But a simple, clear, and legal-minded resource to help you recognize when your car issues may entitle you to relief under the law.

Because at the end of the day, I may not fix engines—but I do hold manufacturers accountable when they fail to fix yours.

Understanding the

Basic Components of a Car

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

When you buy or lease a car, you expect it to be safe, reliable, and free of serious defects. But what happens when something goes wrong? To understand your rights under the Lemon Law and other consumer protection laws, it helps to know the basic components of your vehicle. Here’s a simple breakdown:

1. Engine

The engine is the heart of your car. It converts fuel into power to move the vehicle. Engine problems—like stalling, excessive oil consumption, or failure to start—can often qualify as serious defects under Lemon Law if the manufacturer cannot repair them after reasonable attempts.

Common defects: stalling, failure to start, loss of power, excessive oil use.

2. Transmission

The transmission transfers power from the engine to the wheels. Cars may have automatic, manual, or continuously variable transmissions (CVT). Issues such as slipping gears, grinding noises, or failure to shift can significantly affect safety and drivability.

Common defects: slipping gears, rough shifting, total transmission failure.

3. Braking System

Your brakes are essential for safety. The braking system includes the brake pads, rotors, calipers, and brake fluid. If your brakes squeal, grind, or don’t stop the car effectively, it’s not just inconvenient—it’s dangerous and potentially a Lemon Law issue.

Common defects: squealing or grinding brakes, loss of braking power, ABS malfunctions.

4. Electrical System

Modern cars are powered by complex electronics. The battery, alternator, starter, and onboard computer systems all work together. Problems with electrical components may cause the car not to start, warning lights to flash, or safety features (like airbags) to malfunction.

Common defects: failure to start, dashboard warning light errors, power window/door lock failures.

5. Steering & Suspension

These systems control how the car handles on the road. The steering system ensures you can direct the car safely, while the suspension system (shocks, struts, springs) provides stability and comfort. Defects here can cause unsafe driving conditions such as pulling, vibration, or poor control.

Common defects: excessive vibration, pulling to one side, steering lockups, noisy suspension.

6. Cooling & Heating Systems

The radiator, water pump, and thermostat help regulate engine temperature, while the heating and A/C systems keep passengers comfortable. Overheating engines or non-functioning climate control systems may indicate deeper mechanical issues.

Common defects: overheating, faulty air conditioning, heater failures.

7. Fuel System

This includes the fuel pump, fuel injectors, and fuel tank. Problems here can cause poor performance, fuel leaks, or even fire hazards.

Common defects: fuel leaks, poor gas mileage, engine misfires.

8. Safety Features

Today’s cars include advanced safety systems—airbags, seatbelts, anti-lock braking (ABS), electronic stability control, and more. If these fail, they pose a direct risk to driver and passenger safety.

Common defects: malfunctioning airbags, faulty sensors, warning lights that won’t clear.

Common Issues in Defective Vehicles

Through my experience representing consumers, I’ve seen the same problems surface again and again in Lemon Law cases:

• Engine Defects – oil leaks, overheating, stalling, or catastrophic engine failure.

• Transmission Problems – harsh shifting, grinding, slipping, or sudden loss of acceleration.

• Electrical Malfunctions – recurring check engine lights, faulty sensors, backup camera issues, dead batteries.

• Brake Failures – squealing brakes, premature wear, or systems that fail to stop the vehicle properly.

• Steering & Alignment Issues – loose steering, difficulty turning, or persistent alignment problems.

• Air Conditioning & Heating Failures – no cold air in summer, no heat in winter, or failing climate control systems.

• Defective Safety Features – airbags that don’t deploy, malfunctioning seatbelt sensors, or faulty advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS).

• Water Leaks & Structural Defects – leaking sunroofs, faulty seals, rattles, or poor build quality.

How a Modern Engine Works

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

Most of us drive our cars every day without giving much thought to what’s happening under the hood. But when your vehicle starts showing signs of trouble, it helps to understand the basics of how a modern engine works. Here’s a straightforward explanation:

The Heart of the Vehicle

Your car’s engine is like its heart. Just as your heart pumps blood to keep you alive, the engine powers your vehicle so it can move. It works by taking in air and fuel, squeezing them together, and then igniting them with a spark. This tiny controlled “explosion” pushes parts inside the engine that make your wheels turn. The process happens very quickly—hundreds of times every minute—so that your car runs smoothly.

Modern engines are smarter and more efficient than ever. Instead of old-fashioned parts that dumped fuel into the engine, today’s cars use computers and sensors to carefully measure how much fuel and air the engine needs. This means better gas mileage, more power, and fewer emissions. Some engines even have special features like turbochargers, which give your car extra strength without making the engine bigger, and advanced timing systems that adjust automatically to improve performance.

Because the engine is so important, problems with it—like stalling, oil leaks, strange noises, or overheating—can be very serious. If your car has repeated engine issues and the dealer or manufacturer can’t fix them after several tries, you may have a Lemon Law case. That’s where I come in. My job is to take the stress off your shoulders, explain your rights in plain English, and fight for the refund, replacement, or compensation you deserve.

The Four-Stroke Cycle

Most modern gasoline engines work using what’s called the four-stroke combustion cycle:

1. Intake Stroke

   • Air and fuel are drawn into the cylinder through the intake valve.

2. Compression Stroke

   • The piston moves upward, compressing the air-fuel mixture to make it more powerful.

3. Power Stroke (Combustion)

   • A spark plug ignites the compressed mixture, creating a small explosion that pushes the piston down. This is what generates power.

4. Exhaust Stroke

   • The piston moves back up, pushing out the burned gases through the exhaust valve.

This cycle repeats thousands of times per minute, powering your car smoothly and efficiently.

Key Modern Enhancements

Today’s engines are far more advanced than the ones our parents drove. Some features include:

• Fuel Injection Systems – Instead of carburetors, modern engines use electronic fuel injectors for precise fuel delivery and better efficiency.

• Turbochargers & Superchargers – These devices force more air into the engine, creating more power without dramatically increasing size.

• Variable Valve Timing – Adjusts when valves open and close for better performance and fuel economy.

• Computerized Engine Control Units (ECUs) – The car’s “brain” constantly monitors sensors and adjusts the engine for maximum efficiency.

Why Engine Problems Matter Under Lemon Law

Because the engine is so central to your car’s operation, repeated engine failures—stalling, oil leaks, misfires, overheating, or failure to start—can make a car unsafe and unreliable. If the manufacturer can’t fix the issue after a reasonable number of repair attempts, your car may qualify as a Lemon.

How the Transmission Works

(and What Can Go Wrong)

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

If the engine is the heart of your car, then the transmission is like its muscles. The engine creates power, but it’s the transmission’s job to take that power and deliver it to the wheels so your car can actually move. Think of it as the “middleman” between the engine and the wheels.

In simple terms, the transmission controls how much power goes to the wheels by shifting gears—just like a bicycle does when you change gears to make pedaling easier uphill or faster on flat ground. Automatic transmissions do this shifting for you, while manual transmissions require you to use a clutch and shift lever. Either way, the transmission makes sure your car runs smoothly, whether you’re pulling away from a stop sign, driving on the highway, or climbing a hill.

Because it plays such an important role, transmission problems can cause serious issues, including:

• Slipping gears – when the car suddenly shifts out of gear or feels like it’s “sliding.”

• Rough or delayed shifting – hesitation, jerking, or clunky gear changes.

• Grinding noises or shaking – signs that the transmission parts are wearing down.

• Failure to move – when the engine runs, but the car won’t go anywhere.

• Warning lights – like the “check engine” or transmission light on your dashboard.

Transmission repairs are often expensive and time-consuming, and repeated problems can make your car unsafe or unreliable. If your transmission continues to fail and the manufacturer can’t fix it after several attempts, your vehicle may qualify as a Lemon under the law.

As an attorney, I’ve helped many clients who felt trapped by a car with constant transmission troubles. My role is to stand up to the manufacturer and fight for your rights—whether that means getting your money back, securing a replacement, or negotiating a fair settlement

How the Electrical System Works

(and What Can Go Wrong)

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

Modern cars are really like computers on wheels. At the heart of that technology is the electrical system, which powers everything from starting your car to running your headlights, windows, dashboard screens, and safety features. Without it, nothing else in your vehicle would work properly.

The electrical system is made up of three main parts:

• The battery – stores the power needed to start your car and run electronics when the engine is off.

• The alternator – keeps the battery charged while the car is running and powers electrical systems.

• The starter – uses electricity from the battery to get the engine running.

On top of that, today’s vehicles include dozens of sensors, wiring, and a central computer (called the ECU) that control everything from fuel injection to your backup camera.

Because cars are so dependent on electronics, problems with the electrical system can cause a wide range of headaches, including:

• Failure to start – turning the key (or pressing the button) and nothing happens.

• Dead battery or charging issues – your car won’t hold a charge or constantly needs a jump.

• Warning lights that won’t go away – check engine lights, airbag lights, or ABS lights that come back even after repairs.

• Power failures – windows, locks, or infotainment screens that stop working.

• Malfunctioning safety features – problems with airbags, backup cameras, or advanced driver assistance systems.

Electrical issues can be especially frustrating because they’re often intermittent—the car works one day, then refuses to cooperate the next. Dealerships sometimes struggle to track down the cause, leaving you stuck in a cycle of repeated repair visits.

If your car’s electrical problems keep coming back and the manufacturer can’t fix them, you may be entitled to relief under the Lemon Law. I work with clients to connect the dots between these technical problems and their legal rights, helping them get the replacement, refund, or settlement they deserve.

What the Check Engine Light (CEL) Really Means

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

One of the most frustrating moments for any driver is when the Check Engine Light (CEL) suddenly appears on the dashboard. It’s just a small glowing icon, but it can cause a lot of worry—especially when you don’t know what’s wrong.

The Check Engine Light is part of your car’s onboard computer system. This system constantly monitors your engine, transmission, fuel system, and emissions controls. When the computer detects something out of the ordinary, it turns on the light to let you know there’s a problem.

The reason the CEL can be so confusing is because it doesn’t point to just one specific issue. In fact, it can mean hundreds of different things, such as:

• A loose or faulty gas cap

• A failing oxygen sensor

• Problems with the catalytic converter

• Misfiring spark plugs

• Transmission malfunctions

• Emissions system failures

• Electrical or sensor glitches

Sometimes the fix is simple and inexpensive (like tightening the gas cap). Other times, the CEL signals a serious defect that affects safety, performance, or emissions. That’s why mechanics use special diagnostic scanners to read the error codes stored in your car’s computer and figure out what’s really going on.

What makes this especially important for Lemon Law cases is that the CEL often comes back again and again, even after repairs. If your dealer keeps clearing the codes and sending you home, but the light continues to return, it’s a sign there may be a deeper issue the manufacturer cannot fix. Repeated Check Engine Light problems are one of the most common reasons people contact me about Lemon Law claims.

As your attorney, my role is to take this mystery light and turn it into a clear legal case. If your Check Engine Light has become a constant companion, I’ll fight to make sure you get the replacement, refund, or compensation you deserve.

Dashboard Warning Lights Explained

With Attorney Amy Ginsburg

Modern vehicles are packed with technology, and your dashboard is how your car “talks” to you. When a warning light comes on, it’s your car’s way of saying something isn’t right. Some lights are minor, while others point to serious problems that could qualify under the Lemon Law if they keep coming back.

Here’s a quick guide to the most common dashboard lights and what they mean:

1. Check Engine Light (CEL) (more above!)

• What it means: The computer detected something unusual in the engine, transmission, or emissions system.

• Why it’s tricky: It could be as simple as a loose gas cap or as serious as a failing catalytic converter.

• Why it matters: If this light keeps returning after multiple repair attempts, it may signal a Lemon Law problem.

2. Battery/Charging Light

• What it means: There’s a problem with the battery or alternator.

• Common issues: A failing battery, corroded cables, or a bad alternator.

• Why it matters: If your charging system isn’t working, your car could shut down while driving.

3. Oil Pressure Light

• What it means: Oil isn’t flowing properly through the engine.

• Common issues: Low oil level, oil pump failure, or leaks.

• Why it matters: Driving with this light on can cause severe engine damage.

4. Brake System Light / ABS Light

• What it means: There’s an issue with your brakes or anti-lock braking system.

• Common issues: Worn brake pads, low brake fluid, or faulty ABS sensors.

• Why it matters: Brake problems directly affect your safety.

5. Airbag Light

• What it means: The airbag system isn’t functioning properly.

• Common issues: Faulty sensors, wiring problems, or defective airbags.

• Why it matters: Airbags may not deploy in an accident—a serious safety risk.

6. Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) Light

• What it means: One or more tires are underinflated.

• Common issues: Low tire pressure, punctures, or a bad sensor.

• Why it matters: Low tire pressure can lead to blowouts and poor handling.

7. Temperature Warning Light

• What it means: Your engine is overheating.

• Common issues: Coolant leaks, radiator problems, or thermostat failure.

• Why it matters: Overheating can destroy your engine if ignored.

Why Warning Lights Matter for Lemon Law

If your dashboard warning lights keep coming back, even after multiple repair attempts, it may be more than a nuisance—it could be a sign your car is a Lemon. Repeated issues with the engine, brakes, airbags, or electronics often qualify for Lemon Law protection.

A Consumer’s Guide to Spark Plugs

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

Spark plugs may be small, but they play a big role in keeping your car running smoothly. Every time you start your vehicle, accelerate onto the highway, or sit idling at a stoplight, spark plugs are at work behind the scenes.

What Do Spark Plugs Do?

Think of spark plugs as the lighters of your engine. Each one creates a tiny spark that ignites the mixture of air and fuel inside your engine’s cylinders. This spark is what powers your engine and gets your car moving.

• Without spark plugs, your engine wouldn’t start.

• With weak or failing spark plugs, your car may struggle, misfire, or run inefficiently.

Most cars have four to eight spark plugs, depending on the size of the engine.

Common Signs of Spark Plug Problems

Spark plugs wear out over time, and when they do, your car will let you know. Some of the most common symptoms include:

• Difficulty starting – the engine cranks but doesn’t fire up right away.

• Rough idling – the car shakes or vibrates when sitting still.

• Poor acceleration – it feels sluggish or unresponsive when you press the gas.

• Decreased fuel economy – you’re filling up at the pump more often.

• Engine misfires – the engine stumbles or jerks while driving.

• Check Engine Light (CEL) – often triggered by misfires caused by faulty spark plugs.

Why Spark Plugs Matter for Lemon Law

One set of worn-out spark plugs isn’t usually a Lemon Law case—it’s a normal maintenance item. But if your car keeps burning through spark plugs, or if electrical or engine defects cause repeated misfires that the dealer can’t fix, it could point to a larger mechanical or electrical defect. That’s when Lemon Law protection may apply.

How Often Should Spark Plugs Be Replaced?

• Traditional spark plugs: usually last around 30,000 miles.

• Platinum or iridium spark plugs: can last 60,000–100,000 miles.

• Always check your owner’s manual for your specific vehicle’s recommendations.

Final Thoughts

Spark plugs may be small and inexpensive compared to other car parts, but when they’re not working right, your entire car suffers. If your vehicle continues to have spark plug or misfire issues after multiple repair attempts, it’s time to explore your rights under the Lemon Law.

A Consumer’s Guide to the Muffler

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

When you start your car, you probably don’t give much thought to the muffler—but it plays a bigger role than you might realize. The muffler is part of your car’s exhaust system, and its job is simple: reduce noise and direct exhaust fumes safely out of your vehicle.

What Does the Muffler Do?

• Quiets engine noise: Without a muffler, your car would sound like a roaring race car every time you pressed the gas.

• Directs exhaust fumes: The muffler works with the exhaust system to carry harmful gases (like carbon monoxide) away from the cabin and out the tailpipe.

• Helps performance: A properly functioning muffler helps your engine “breathe” better, improving fuel efficiency and smooth operation.

Common Muffler Problems

Because the muffler sits underneath your car, it’s exposed to water, salt, dirt, and road debris. Over time, this can lead to problems such as:

• Rust and corrosion – holes or cracks in the muffler can cause loud noises and leaks.

• Excessive noise – if your car suddenly sounds much louder, your muffler may be failing.

• Exhaust leaks – broken seams or holes can let dangerous fumes escape under the car.

• Poor fuel economy – a clogged or damaged muffler can make the engine work harder.

• Bad smells inside the car – a red flag that exhaust gases may not be venting properly, which can be a serious health hazard.

Why Muffler Issues Matter

A muffler problem isn’t just about noise—it can also affect your safety and your wallet. Exhaust leaks can expose you and your passengers to dangerous fumes, while ongoing muffler failures may point to a bigger issue with the exhaust system.

While a single muffler replacement is usually considered normal maintenance, repeated muffler or exhaust failures—especially in a newer car—could indicate a manufacturing defect. If the dealer can’t fix it after several attempts, this may qualify under the Lemon Law.

Signs You Shouldn’t Ignore

• Your car is suddenly much louder than usual.

• You smell exhaust fumes inside the cabin.

• You notice rust or holes in the exhaust system.

• Your fuel economy has dropped without explanation.

A Consumer’s Guide to Brakes

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

Your car’s brakes are the single most important safety system. No matter how powerful the engine is or how advanced the technology may be, none of it matters if your brakes can’t stop the car when you need them to. That’s why understanding the basics of how brakes work—and what can go wrong—is so important.

What Do Brakes Do?

Brakes are designed to slow down and stop your vehicle by creating friction. When you press the brake pedal:

1. Brake fluid carries pressure to each wheel.

2. Brake pads or shoes press against a metal surface (a rotor or drum).

3. That friction slows the wheels, bringing the car to a safe stop.

Most modern cars use disc brakes on the front wheels (and often the rear as well), while some vehicles may have drum brakes on the back wheels.

Common Brake Problems

Brake issues can range from minor wear to serious safety hazards. Here are the most common problems:

• Squealing or grinding noises – usually a sign that brake pads are worn down.

• Soft or spongy pedal – can indicate low brake fluid or air in the brake lines.

• Vibrations when braking – may be caused by warped rotors.

• Car pulling to one side – uneven brake wear or a stuck caliper.

• Brake warning light – often tied to low fluid or ABS (anti-lock brake system) issues.

• Longer stopping distance – a clear sign that your brakes aren’t working effectively.

Why Brake Problems Matter for Lemon Law

Replacing worn-out brake pads is normal maintenance. But if your new or leased car suffers from repeated brake failures, ABS malfunctions, or defects the dealer can’t fix, that’s not “normal wear and tear”—that’s a potential Lemon Law case.

For example:

• If your brakes squeal even after multiple replacements.

• If the ABS warning light keeps returning after “repairs.”

• If your car consistently struggles to stop safely.

These are signs of a deeper defect that the manufacturer may be responsible for.

Safety First: Warning Signs You Should Never Ignore

• Dashboard brake light

• Car takes longer to stop

• Burning smell when braking

• Pulsing brake pedal under your foot

If you experience any of these, it’s not just inconvenient—it could put your safety at risk.

A Consumer’s Guide to Heating & Air Conditioning Systems

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

When you think about your car’s heating and air conditioning (A/C), you may just think about comfort—staying warm in the winter and cool in the summer. But these systems do more than keep you comfortable; they also affect safety, visibility, and even your engine’s performance.

How Heating and A/C Work

• Heating system: Your car uses the engine’s hot coolant (antifreeze) to produce warm air. A heater core transfers the heat into the cabin through the vents, keeping passengers warm and helping to defrost your windows on cold days.

• Air conditioning system: The A/C system works like a refrigerator. It uses a compressor, condenser, and evaporator to circulate refrigerant and remove heat from the cabin air, blowing in cool, dry air to keep you comfortable on hot or humid days.

Both systems rely on fans, vents, sensors, and electrical controls—all of which must work together.

Common Problems with Heating & A/C Systems

• No heat in the winter – often caused by coolant issues, a clogged heater core, or broken blower motor.

• No cold air in the summer – low refrigerant, leaks, or compressor failure are common culprits.

• Weak airflow – problems with fans, vents, or cabin air filters.

• Bad smells – mold or leaks in the system can cause unpleasant odors.

• Defroster not working – dangerous because it prevents you from clearing fog or ice from your windshield.

• Intermittent performance – air blows hot one day and cold the next, often caused by electrical or sensor malfunctions.

Why These Issues Matter

While some heating and A/C problems are just uncomfortable, others can become safety concerns:

• A failed defroster can keep you from seeing clearly.

• Overheating from a malfunctioning heater core can damage your engine.

• Electrical faults in the climate control system may be tied to larger car-wide defects.

Heating & A/C Issues and Lemon Law

Replacing a cabin air filter or topping off refrigerant is usually routine maintenance. But if your new or leased car has repeated heating or A/C failures—especially when the dealer has tried and failed multiple times to fix it—that’s when the Lemon Law may apply.

I’ve seen clients return to the shop again and again with:

• A/C systems that blow warm air after “repairs.”

• Heaters that fail in freezing temperatures.

• Climate control systems that cut in and out without warning.

If this sounds familiar, you may have a case.

A Consumer’s Guide to

Suspension & Steering

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

Your car’s suspension and steering systems are what keep you in control on the road. They work together to make sure your ride is smooth, stable, and safe. When something goes wrong, your car can become uncomfortable to drive—or worse, unsafe.

What Do Suspension & Steering Do?

• Suspension System
  The suspension is like the car’s shock absorber system. It includes shocks, struts, springs, and linkages that keep the ride smooth and the tires firmly on the road. Without it, every bump and pothole would feel like an earthquake.

• Steering System
  The steering connects your hands on the wheel to the direction your car goes. Modern cars use power steering (hydraulic or electric) to make turning easier. If it’s working correctly, your steering feels responsive and steady.

Together, these systems give you control and comfort—two things no driver should have to sacrifice.

Common Problems with Suspension & Steering

• Pulling to one side – car drifts when you’re driving straight.

• Excessive bouncing or swaying – worn shocks or struts.

• Steering wheel vibrations – possible alignment or tire issues.

• Clunking or knocking noises – loose or worn suspension parts.

• Stiff or hard-to-turn wheel – problems with the power steering system.

• Steering wheel not centering – alignment or steering rack issues.

• Uneven tire wear – suspension not keeping tires properly aligned.

Why It Matters

Suspension and steering problems aren’t just about comfort—they’re about safety. If your car doesn’t steer straight, respond quickly, or handle bumps properly, you may lose control in an emergency. These problems also cause extra wear on your tires, brakes, and other parts, leading to expensive repairs down the road.

Suspension & Steering Issues and Lemon Law

Normal wear (like shocks wearing out after many miles) is expected. But if your new or leased car has repeated suspension or steering problems that the dealer can’t fix, it may qualify under the Lemon Law.

I’ve seen clients deal with:

• New cars that shake on the highway even after multiple alignments.

• Steering systems that lock up or feel dangerously loose.

• Cars that veer or pull no matter how many times the dealer “fixes” them.

If this sounds familiar, you don’t have to keep driving a car that feels unsafe.

A Consumer’s Guide to the Fuel System

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

Your car’s fuel system is what delivers gasoline (or diesel) from the tank to the engine, giving your vehicle the power it needs to move. When it’s working properly, you don’t think about it. But when it fails, your car may sputter, stall, or refuse to run at all.

What Does the Fuel System Do?

The fuel system is made up of several parts that all work together:

• Fuel tank – where gasoline is stored.

• Fuel pump – pushes fuel from the tank to the engine.

• Fuel filter – removes dirt and debris before fuel reaches the engine.

• Fuel injectors – spray the right amount of fuel into the engine’s cylinders for combustion.

Modern vehicles use computers and sensors to carefully measure and adjust fuel delivery, improving performance and fuel efficiency.

Common Fuel System Problems

• Hard starting or failure to start – a failing fuel pump may not deliver enough fuel.

• Engine misfires or hesitation – dirty injectors or clogged filters can cause poor combustion.

• Loss of power – especially when accelerating or climbing hills.

• Poor fuel economy – the system may be delivering too much or too little fuel.

• Fuel leaks – cracked hoses or faulty connections can cause dangerous gasoline leaks.

• Check Engine Light (CEL) – many fuel system issues trigger error codes.

Why It Matters

Fuel system problems aren’t just inconvenient—they can be dangerous. A car that stalls in traffic or leaks fuel creates serious safety risks, including the possibility of fires or explosions.

Fuel System Issues and Lemon Law

Routine maintenance like changing fuel filters is normal. But when a new or leased vehicle has repeated fuel system failures—such as pumps that keep failing, injectors that won’t stay fixed, or ongoing leaks—this may point to a manufacturing defect. If the dealer can’t repair it after a reasonable number of tries, your car could qualify as a Lemon.

I’ve represented clients who dealt with:

• Cars that wouldn’t start no matter how many “repairs” were done.

• Repeated stalling at highway speeds.

• Persistent leaks that created safety concerns.

A Consumer’s Guide to the

Cooling System

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

Your car’s cooling system is like its temperature control center. Just like your body sweats to keep from overheating, your car has a system designed to keep the engine at the right temperature. If it gets too hot, major damage can occur in minutes.

What Does the Cooling System Do?

The cooling system’s job is simple: keep your engine from overheating. It works by circulating coolant (a mixture of water and antifreeze) through the engine and radiator to absorb and release heat.

The main parts include:

• Radiator – releases heat from the coolant into the air.

• Water pump – circulates coolant through the engine.

• Thermostat – regulates the engine’s temperature by controlling coolant flow.

• Cooling fans – pull air through the radiator to help cool the engine.

• Hoses – carry coolant between the engine, radiator, and other components.

Common Cooling System Problems

• Overheating – the most obvious sign of trouble, often caused by a failing thermostat, water pump, or low coolant.

• Coolant leaks – puddles under the car, often from worn hoses or radiator cracks.

• Faulty thermostat – prevents coolant from flowing properly, causing temperature spikes.

• Broken radiator fan – can’t pull air through the radiator, especially in traffic.

• Head gasket failure – allows coolant to mix with oil, causing white smoke, engine misfires, or severe engine damage.

Why It Matters

Cooling system problems are not just inconvenient—they can destroy your engine. A car that overheats can crack the engine block, warp the cylinder head, or blow the head gasket. Repairs can cost thousands of dollars.

Cooling System Issues and Lemon Law

Replacing coolant or hoses is routine maintenance. But if your new or leased vehicle constantly overheats, leaks, or blows through cooling system parts, that’s a sign of a deeper defect. If the dealer can’t fix the issue after several attempts, you may have a Lemon Law claim.

I’ve seen clients deal with:

• Cars that overheat every few weeks despite “repairs.”

• Radiators and water pumps replaced multiple times with no success.

• Head gasket failures on vehicles with very low mileage.

These issues don’t just ruin your car—they ruin your peace of mind.

A Consumer’s Guide to Infotainment & Touchscreen Systems

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

Today’s cars are more like rolling computers than simple machines. The infotainment system—your touchscreen, navigation, Bluetooth, and audio controls—is often the centerpiece of your vehicle’s interior. When it works, it makes driving easier and more enjoyable. When it fails, it can be frustrating, distracting, and even unsafe.

Common Infotainment & Touchscreen Problems:

• Freezing or blank screens

• Touch controls not responding

• Bluetooth or Apple CarPlay/Android Auto constantly disconnecting

• GPS navigation errors or crashes

• Backup cameras cutting in and out

• Volume or climate controls locked on the screen and unusable

Because so many car functions are tied into the screen, failures can impact more than just entertainment—they can affect safety features, climate control, and even driver visibility.

Lemon Law Connection:
While an occasional software update is normal, repeated infotainment malfunctions that dealers can’t fix may qualify your vehicle as a Lemon. Clients often come to me after multiple screen replacements or reboots that don’t solve the problem.

A Consumer’s Guide to Sensors & Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

Modern vehicles are equipped with Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)—features like blind spot monitoring, lane departure warnings, adaptive cruise control, and automatic emergency braking. These technologies are designed to make driving safer, but when they malfunction, they can create dangerous situations.

Common ADAS & Sensor Problems:

• Lane departure or blind spot warnings activating for no reason

• Automatic braking engaging when there is no obstacle

• Cameras and radar sensors failing in normal weather conditions

• “Check ADAS” or warning messages that return after repairs

• Backup cameras or 360° cameras cutting out unexpectedly

These systems rely on complex sensors, cameras, and software. If they’re not working properly, they may cause false alarms, sudden braking, or missed warnings—all of which can put drivers and passengers at risk.

Lemon Law Connection:
If your ADAS system repeatedly malfunctions, despite multiple dealer repair attempts, you may have grounds for a Lemon Law claim. I’ve worked with clients whose cars gave false safety alerts or failed to alert at all—problems that manufacturers couldn’t permanently fix.

A Consumer’s Guide to Batteries & Hybrid/Electric Vehicle (EV) Systems

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

As more drivers switch to hybrid and electric vehicles (EVs), new problems have emerged that weren’t as common in traditional gas-powered cars. At the center of these vehicles is the high-voltage battery system, which powers the motor, stores energy, and delivers range.

Common Hybrid & EV Battery/Electrical Problems:

• Rapid loss of driving range (the car doesn’t go as far as promised)

• Charging system failures (vehicle won’t charge or stops charging mid-way)

• Dashboard warning lights for the battery or electrical system

• Sudden shutdowns or reduced power while driving (“limp mode”)

• Overheating batteries or unusual smells (potential fire risk)

Because these batteries are so expensive to replace, problems can cost thousands of dollars and leave owners without reliable transportation.

Lemon Law Connection:
If your hybrid or EV battery fails, loses range too quickly, or can’t hold a charge—and the manufacturer can’t permanently fix the issue—your vehicle may qualify as a Lemon. I’ve represented consumers stuck with EVs that spent more time in the shop than on the road.

A Consumer’s Guide to

Airbags & Seatbelts

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

Your airbags and seatbelts are the most important safety features in your car. They’re designed to protect you and your passengers during a crash. But if they don’t work properly, they can put everyone at risk.

Common Airbag & Seatbelt Problems:

• Airbag warning light that won’t turn off

• Airbags failing to deploy in an accident

• Airbags deploying unexpectedly or with too much force

• Faulty seatbelt latches or retractors

• Sensors that misread passenger weight or position

Airbag and seatbelt issues aren’t just inconvenient—they’re life-threatening.

Lemon Law Connection:
If your car’s airbag or seatbelt warning lights keep coming back, or if the system fails to function properly after multiple repair attempts, you may have a Lemon Law claim. These cases are taken especially seriously because of the safety risks involved.

A Consumer’s Guide to

Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS) & Stability Control

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

Your car’s ABS (Anti-Lock Braking System) and stability control are designed to keep you safe during sudden stops or slippery conditions. ABS prevents your wheels from locking up, while stability control helps keep your car from skidding or spinning out.

Common ABS & Stability Problems:

• ABS or traction control lights that won’t stay off

• ABS activating when it shouldn’t (causing longer stopping distances)

• ABS failing to activate in emergencies

• Unexplained loss of traction or skidding

• Warning messages for “Stability Control” or “ESC”

Because these systems rely on complex sensors and electronics, repeated malfunctions are unfortunately common.

Lemon Law Connection:
If your ABS or stability control doesn’t work reliably—and the dealer can’t fix it—you may be entitled to relief under the Lemon Law. These systems are directly tied to safe driving, so repeated failures are never acceptable.

A Consumer’s Guide to the Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

Your car’s TPMS (Tire Pressure Monitoring System) alerts you when a tire is dangerously underinflated. This helps prevent blowouts, poor handling, and reduced fuel efficiency. But when the system malfunctions, it can leave you confused—or worse, unaware of real tire dangers.

Common TPMS Problems:

• Warning light stays on even when tires are properly inflated

• Light comes and goes without reason

• Sensors fail completely or give false readings

• Expensive repairs or replacements for faulty sensors in newer cars

Lemon Law Connection:
A one-time sensor replacement is usually maintenance. But if your car constantly throws false tire pressure warnings or the TPMS can’t be fixed after repeated attempts, it may qualify as a Lemon Law defect. Drivers shouldn’t have to guess whether their tires are actually safe.

A Consumer’s Guide to Windows, Sunroof, and Door Locks

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

Your car’s windows, sunroof, and door locks aren’t just about convenience—they’re about safety and security. When they don’t work, it can leave you exposed to theft, leaks, or dangerous situations.

Common Problems:

• Power windows that won’t go up or down, or get stuck halfway

• Sunroofs that won’t close, or leak water into the cabin

• Doors that won’t lock or unlock electronically

• Remote key fobs that stop working

• Wind noise or rattling from misaligned seals

These systems rely heavily on wiring, switches, and control modules, which are common sources of repeated failures.

Lemon Law Connection:
One broken window switch isn’t unusual. But if your windows, locks, or sunroof keep failing after multiple repair attempts, it may qualify as a Lemon Law defect.

A Consumer’s Guide to Climate Control Sensors & Cabin Comfort

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

Modern vehicles promise comfort at the touch of a button, with heated seats, cooled seats, automatic climate zones, and smart defrosters. But when these climate control systems fail, drivers are left frustrated and uncomfortable.

Common Problems:

• Heated or cooled seats that stop working

• Defrosters that fail to clear fog or ice from windows

• Dual-zone or automatic climate controls blowing the wrong temperature

• Sensors misreading cabin conditions, causing erratic heating/cooling

• Climate systems that cut in and out randomly

Comfort systems may seem “luxury,” but a failed defroster is a safety hazard, and persistent failures can be a sign of larger electrical issues.

Lemon Law Connection:
If the dealer can’t get your climate control system working properly—despite multiple visits—you may have a Lemon Law case.

A Consumer’s Guide to Water Leaks & Structural Issues

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

A new car should never let water in. Unfortunately, many vehicles suffer from leaks or build-quality defects that lead to serious problems down the road.

Common Problems:

• Rainwater leaking through doors, windows, or sunroofs

• Trunks filling with water after storms

• Water pooling under carpets, leading to mold and bad smells

• Rattling panels, misaligned doors, or poor fit-and-finish

• Rust or corrosion caused by poor sealing

Water leaks are more than an annoyance—they can destroy electronics, trigger warning lights, and even cause electrical shorts or fires.

Lemon Law Connection:
If your car leaks repeatedly and the dealer can’t find or fix the problem, you may be entitled to Lemon Law protection. Persistent leaks and structural defects reduce your vehicle’s value and compromise your safety.

A Consumer’s Guide to

Body & Comfort Systems

Explained by Attorney Amy Ginsburg

Here’s some helpful info on three of the most common comfort and quality complaints I see:

🚪 Windows, Sunroof & Door Locks

When these stop working, it’s not just annoying—it’s about safety and security. If your sunroof becomes a rain shower or your windows won’t roll up during a storm, that’s more than just bad luck.

Common issues: windows that stick, leaky sunroofs, locks that won’t respond, and key fobs that act like they’re on strike.

Why it matters: Repeated failures after “repairs” may point to deeper electrical or sealing defects—and that’s when Lemon Law protection kicks in.

🌡 Climate Control Sensors & Cabin Comfort

Ah, climate control—the promise of the perfect cabin temperature. Except when it decides to do its own thing.

Common issues: heated seats that stay cold, A/C that quits on the hottest day, defrosters that don’t actually defrost, or dual-zone systems that argue with themselves.

Why it matters: Comfort is nice, but a non-working defroster is a safety hazard. If the dealer can’t get it right, it could be a Lemon.

💧 Water Leaks & Structural Issues

A new car should never come with an indoor pool feature.

Common issues: rain dripping through doors, puddles in the trunk, soggy carpets, moldy smells, and rattling panels that make your ride sound like a maraca.

Why it matters: Water destroys electronics, causes rust, and lowers your car’s value. If the leaks keep coming back, it’s not just irritating—it’s a legal problem.

How I Can Help

I may not carry a tool belt, but I know the playbook manufacturers use, and I know how to hold them accountable. If your car keeps failing in the comfort or quality department, it’s time to call me. I’ll review your repair history, translate the mechanic jargon, and fight for the refund, replacement, or settlement you deserve.